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Romanian armies in the Battle of Stalingrad
Two Romanian armies, the Third and the Fourth, were involved in the Battle of Stalingrad, helping to protect the northern and southern flanks respectively of the German 6th Army as it tried to conquer the city of Stalingrad, defended by the Soviet Red Army in mid to late 1942. Overpowered and poorly equipped, these forces were unable to stop the Soviet November offensive which punched through both flanks and left the 6th Army encircled in Stalingrad. The Romanians suffered enormous losses, which effectively ended their offensive capability on the Eastern Front for the remainder of the war.
==Background==
Following the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in August 1939, Romania lost almost one third of its territory without a single shot being fired, as Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina were annexed〔("Background Note: Romania" ), United States Department of State, Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, October 2007. The text says: "Romania entered World War II on the side of the Axis Powers in June 1941, invading the Soviet Union to recover Bessarabia and Bukovina, which had been annexed in 1940."〕〔 (Pacte Molotov-Ribbentrop ), at the French embassy in Romania, June 25, 2005, quoting a declaration by Romanian President Traian Băsescu, as "firmly condemning the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact that led to the annexation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina by the USSR"〕 by the Soviet Union on June 28, 1940, after Romania yielded to a Soviet ultimatum.〔István Deák, ''Essays on Hitler's Europe'', University of Nebraska Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8032-6630-8, p. 131. The text says: "the Führer...now allowed his allies to seize Romanian territory. On June 27, following Stalin's ultimatum, Romania ceded Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union."〕〔Moshe Y. Sachs, ''Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations'', John Wiley & Sons, 1988, ISBN 0-471-62406-3, p. 231〕〔William Julian Lewis, ''The Warsaw Pact: Arms, Doctrine, and Strategy'', Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, 1982, p. 209〕〔Karel C Wellens, Eric Suy, ''International Law: Essays in Honour of Eric Suy'', Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1998, ISBN 90-411-0582-4, p. 79. The text says: "This secret diplomacy was followed by a series of brutal violations of the standards of international law by the Soviet Union for purposes of expanding its territory: on 27 July having yielded to the ultimatum of the USSR, Romania ceded Bessarabia and Northern Bucovina to the Soviet Union."
〕 As a result, King Carol II was forced to abdicate in September 1940, and General Ion Antonescu rose to power.
In October, Romania joined the Axis and expressed its availability for a military campaign against the Soviet Union, in order to recapture the provinces ceded in June. After a highly successful summer campaign in 1941 as part of Army Group South, the Romanian Armed Forces regained the territory between the Prut and Dniestr rivers. General Antonescu decided to continue to advance alongside the Wehrmacht, disregarding the Romanian High Command's doubts over the possibility of sustaining a mobile warfare campaign deep inside Soviet territory. In October 1941, the Romanian Fourth Army occupied Odessa after a protracted siege which caused more than 80,000 casualties on the Romanian side, severe destruction and many casualties among the civilian population (the Odessa massacre). The spring and summer of 1942 saw the Third and Fourth Romanian Armies in action in the Battle of Crimea and the Battle of the Caucasus. By the fall of 1942, the two armies were poised to join the attack on Stalingrad.
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